History of the American Constitution

History of the American Constitution Confederation and Constitution As depression struck the new nation in the mid-1780s, new questions arose about the nature of American democracy. Many conservatives believed that the answer lay in a stronger national government.Most radicals believed it was up to the states to relieve the financial burden of the people. These sentiments fostered a movement for a new constitution. Political differences soon stimulated the creation of political parties. Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation with the new Constitution of 1787. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles vis-à  -vis the Constitution? Give specific instances that demonstrate the weakness of the Articles (such asthe Western problem). Then analyze the drafting of the Constitution, using specific details to show how the various states (slave vs. free, east vs. west) compromised in order to effectively draft a constitution.Pay particular attention to Roger Sherman’s plan,the Great Compromise, which broke a stalemate that could have been fatal to the development of the new Constitution. Finally, compare and contrast the debate over ratification between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. Make sure you cite specific examples from the Federalist Papers to support the Federalist position and contrast it with leading proponents of the opposition (such asJohn Hancock). Analyze how the debate over a bill of rights illustrates the differences between the two parties. Evaluate the relative success of the Bill of Rights in achieving an effective balance between national and states’ interests. Revolution: From Rebellion to Jeffersonian Democracy A Different Kind of Revolution | From Confederation to Constitution | Federalist Timeline The end of the American Revolution was the beginning of the formation of a new republic. But the transition was not easy, as the Articles of Confederation that first bound the thirteen colonies proved too weak to confront the problems that faced the new nation. The transition from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution to Jeffersonian Democracy is the focus of this week’s work. A Different Kind of Revolution Back to Top The American Revolution has spawned a vast amount of literature, as it created the first new nation-state of the modern era. Yet, compared with the French and Russian Revolutions that followed, it was a â€Å"conservative† revolution. It did not radically change the colonial society that existed before. From 1763 to 1776, the colonists argued that they were fighting for the rights of â€Å"Englishmen.† But some historians maintain that the revolution was truly radical, and point to the disestablishment of state religions immediately after the war. But the truth is that several states had already disestablished their state religions before the outbreak of war. Other historians point to the democratic state legislatures created after the war. But again, only Pennsylvania and Rhode Island established truly radical state governments with a unicameral legislature. The truth is that the basic elements of capitalism, money, and slavery remained after the revolution. Yet the founding fathers did believe that they were creating something new. The great seal proclaims, a â€Å"novus ordo seculorum† (a new world order). And world opinion abroad concurred with this opinion. One French observer complained of America’s experiment with â€Å"liberty and justice for all.† But the new nation lacked the prerequisites of nationhood: mythical origins, ancient folklore, one church, and common ethnic roots. In 1782, J. Hector St. John de Crà ¨vecÅ“ur published Letters from an American Farmer. He described Americans as a new people, dedicated to the principles of equal opportunity and self-determination. His work provided an understanding of the New World that helped create an American identity in the minds of Europeans. Crà ¨vecÅ“ur wrote, â€Å"What then is the American, this new man?He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced†¦Here individuals of all races are melted into a new race of man, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.† Men like Crà ¨vecÅ“ur and later Alexis de Tocqueville believed that Americans were truly different because they were tied together by the ideals of the Enlightenment—liberty, individuality, and democracy. The American identity took on the character of a civic religion. George Washington metamorphosed into something more than human. His birthday was made a national holiday in 1799 and Mason Adams carried this sanctification to an extreme with his story of the cherry tree. July 4th became â€Å"the† national holiday and the Declaration of Independence became a sacred text. It was only after the Civil War that due emphasis was placed on the Constitution. The national motto, e pluribus unum—from many one—expressed the new American ideal. The founding fathers did see something new in America, but, it was more prescriptive than descriptive. Freedom for many was still an illusion. From Confederation to Constitution Back to Top After the Revolutionary War, the patriots feared giving the new American government too much power. Early state governments argued over how much power to give the people. Some, like Thomas Paine, sought changes that would promote democracy; others like Alexander Hamilton feared giving too much power to the common man. Most states like Massachusetts and New York chose to create a conservative state constitution, with a bicameral legislature. But patriots continued to argue over who should be given the right to vote, with men like John Adams warning that allowing the poor to vote would â€Å"confound and destroy all distinctions, and prostrate all ranks to the common level.† Over time, the House of Representatives—the most democratic of all institutions—gained power at the expense of the Senate, the more conservative branch of government. In 1777, the Continental Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation. Drafted under the leadership of John Dickenson of Pennsylvania, the Articles were a loose confederation of thirteen states with very little power given to the federal government. The new federal government consisted of a congress of delegates chosen by state legislatures rather than by voters. It had no President or executive branch. The Articles granted only limited powers to Congress—to declare and conduct war and to regulate foreign affairs. Amending articles was almost impossible, as all thirteen states had to agree. One of the most important accomplishments of the Congress was the creation of the Northwest Territory, a vast area of land west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River. The Land Ordinance of 1785 designed a system for distributing the land to settlers and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided a government for the western territories. Eventually, the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinoi s, Michigan, and Wisconsin would be carved out of this region. But the new Congress was too weak to deal with threats from Spain and Britain. Great Britain, who at first tried to cultivate good will with the new nation, returned to a policy of mercantilism, or trade in its own best interest. They prohibited American ships—in particular those from Massachusetts—to trade with the British West Indies. It soon became clear that the Articles themselves were part of the problem. Under the Articles, the federal Congress had no power to deal with the growing national debt. When the Congress tried to seek an amendment to levy a tax on imported goods, the amendment failed for lack of one vote. Meanwhile, with a slowdown in trade, more and more farmers went into debt. In 1787, Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, led about 1,000 farmers in rebellion against the Massachusetts courts. While the rebellion quickly died out, it pointed to the weakness of the federal government in dealing with the growing national debt. The stage was s et for the Constitutional Convention of that same year. Constitutional Convention Now join in the discussions as a reporter at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. You are encouraged to take notes for your newspaper article at the end of this role-play. Constitutional Convention Federalist Timeline Back to Top The following timeline traces the evolution of the federal government from the Articles of Confederation to Jeffersonian Democracy. The Articles of Confederation proved too weak for the fledgling republic and so a new Constitution emerged in 1787. This gave rise to the two-party system, with men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison leading the Democratic Republicans and George Washington and Alexander Hamilton remaining Federalists. With the election of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1799, American democracy took on a new, more populist flavor. This paper must be four to five double-spaced pages in length (not including the References page) and utilize no less thanfour academic quality sources.Margins should be no more thanone inch (right and left) and the essay should be composed in an appropriate font and size. Sources must be documented and cited using APA format. History of the American Constitution History of the American Constitution Michael Dean Jalal Nejad, Ph.D. When the United States won freedom from Great Britain after the American Revolution they adopted the Articles of Confederation. Twenty-one years the United States was ruled by the Articles until they adopted the U.S. Constitution in 1787. This made it so that the nation was rules by a sovereign national government, but also the states were sovereign as well. Some advantages that this system has over a strong national government in a highly centralized system is that it encourages competition between the states, as well as it gives sovereignty to the states to run themselves how they best see fit. Some disadvantages of the current system in the United States are that due to federal funding of state budgets if the role of national government was more limited it would have a drastic economic effect on the state. Also due to the aggressive nature of many federal programs the states cannot effectively run these programs themselves and depend on federal support. During the Articles of Confederation the national government was incredibly weak in power, this lack of national power left the nation not running as a whole unit but rather the states as separate organisms. After twenty-one years the United States rewrote their laws, and called it the U.S. Constitution. Under this set of laws the national government was sovereign but still getting its power from the people, and the states were sovereign as well and got their power from the people. Under the U.S. Constitution many different forms of federalism came and went, evolving to where the country is today, which is a marble-cake system of federalism. Marble-cake federalism is the cooperation between different levels of government, whether national, state, or local (Champagne Harpham 43). An advantage this system of government has over a strong national government in a highly centralized system is that it inspires competition amongst the states. Every state has policy issues but most states try to fix that problem their own way. If a state is successful in correcting the issue, then the policy would adjusted nationally to replicate what the state did in order to fix the problem. Another advantage of this system is that it gives states freedom to govern how they best see fit. This goes from gun control laws, traffic violations, and even the death penalty. Disadvantages to the current system in place would be that due to funding from the national government to states budgets if it were to be cut off or diminished, it would have a very profound effect on the economy of the state. This means that too much reliance on national government when it comes to money is a bad thing because some states rely very heavily on the federal government to help them balance their budget. Another disadvantage would be the reliance on federal support for different programs throughout the states, without their support many of these programs would suffer heavily or even fail completely. Due to this crutch that the states have they cannot fully be sovereign. To conclude, this country has gone through many different types of federalism from complete separation of power between the different levels of government to where the country is now which is call marble-cake federalism. There are both advantages and disadvantages that this system has over a strong national government in a highly centralized system. Some advantages would be that it invokes creativity and competition throughout the states (Champagne Harpham 44), as well as giving the states freedom to govern how they see fit. Some disadvantages would be that the states rely too heavily on federal government for funding, as well as leaning too much on the national government when it comes to implementing and maintaining different programs. Works Cited Champagne, Anthony, and Edward J. Harpham. Governing Texas:. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2013. Print.

Criseyde: Negligence, Manipulation and the Lack of Willpower :: Essays Papers

Criseyde: Negligence, Manipulation and the Lack of Willpower We all know what it is like to be pressured into a relationship. Okay, maybe we don not ALL know what it is like, but most of the general dating population has had this experience. It works in this way: your friend Susan comes to you and tells you that your other friend Jim likes you, you never really thought about Jim in this way—but begin to think that there could be a little chemistry there. Susan loves playing matchmaker. She is persistent and will not stop until she gets what she wants. In the end, you wind up going on a few dates with Jim, but the relationship never really blossoms. This scenario sounds a little like the story about the forced relationship of Troilus and Criseyde, by Pandarus, in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde. The only difference between my real life scenario and the relationship of Troilus and Criseyde is that when Criseyde finally falls for Troilus, which alleviates his ‘lovesickness’, she leaves him for another m an. And, although Susan was persistent, she never stood in the bedroom when you and Jim ‘turned off the lights.’ Criseyde changes her mind just after the reader is informed that Criseyde and Troilus are in love, and Troilus has become a better knight and a better man because of this love. Why would a woman leave after getting so emotionally involved in a relationship? As the text says, â€Å"For she began to turn her shining face/Away from Troilus, took of him no heed,/And cast him clean out of his lady’s grace,/† (st. 2, 179)—Criseyde simply turned her head from Troilus, taking â€Å"of him no heed† and moving on to Diomede. I believe that Criseyde was unjust in her actions, yet she was forced into the relationship due to two weaknesses that she possesses: her own negligence to the importance of the situation and a lack of willpower. Criseyde is (seemingly) manipulative, yet Pandarus very easily manipulates her at the same time. From the beginning, the reader realizes that Criseyde is not interested in a relationship, but her eccentric uncle does not take not ice.

Cutting Down on Your Computer Time

Nowadays the teenagers spend most of their time on the computer. The internet can be used for relaxation, entertainment and information. Google is a very well-known site that people went to search for further knowledge. However, too much computer may lead to health problems such as backache and eye strain. Studies show that young people who spend too much time in front of computer may have social problems, less family interaction and fewer friends. Besides, they also lack of exercise and most importantly their study time has reduced. To stop wasting time on computer and start organizing time for your studies just follow these simple steps to cut down on your computer time. Firstly, keep a record of how much time u spend on your computer and see how much time u have wasted on your computer. Next, do not use the computer just because you are jobless. Find something else to do such as reading a book. Engaging with a good novel or non-fiction work is a great way to distract yourself from the day's tasks, refresh your batteries, and inspire new ideas. Then, prepare a timetable which reduces the time on your computer but more time for recreation and study. Last but not least, spend more time studying, recreation or interacting with your family. In time to come, your study time has organized and you have your new hobbies. You even have more time with your family and friends. Furthermore, u can even stay healthy and alert. Be a smart user, time is gold, do not let it waste all your time.

Conflict Between A Register Nurse And A License Practice...

As human being we all think, feel, behave and perceive life in different ways as we all have different expectations. Conflict is part of life and it can be part of any situation. Especially in nursing field where working as a team is highly emphasized, every member of the team collaborate together in order to meet patient needs and improve patient outcomes. That being said, nurses have to collaborate with coworkers that have different social groups, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. This paper will give a synapsis about a disagreement that happens between a register nurse (RN) and a license practice nurse (LPN) in a forty bed medical surgical unit with sufficient staff coverage with RNs LPNs and UAPs. As the manager of this unit, while†¦show more content†¦She make the assumption that LPN has â€Å"completely ignored† her. The issue was approach from a criticizing angle that immediately lead to a defensive response by the LPN. The RN did not asked the reason why th is LPN was not able to help the patient but she jumped in the conclusion that the LPN was not helping her in purpose. Furthermore, in this tensioned situation it seems like there is process conflict between two of the nurses. Huber, 2015 defines process conflict as a â€Å"conflict pertains to issues of duty and resource delegation, such as who should what and how much responsibility different people should have† (p. 172). This confusion between the team members it is revealed sentences when the RN tells the LPN that â€Å"it was your job, you are assigned to Mrs. J. And the LPN responds to here that â€Å"I do my own work and part of yours.† To better assist patient in medical field, nurses might collaborate and work in team. The RN is fully competent in delegating the appropriate tasks to LPN or UAP, yet she has to make sure to transmit her tasks by using clear communication, being concise on what she wants to be completed, and within what time frame the task has t o be completed. She can delegate certain tasks to other staff members such as LPN or UAP; however, she is accountable for what happens to the patient. Both the nurse delegator and the delegate must agree in the task and report back the completion

Who is the Rambo Granny of Melbourne

Heres a tabloid tale of 81-year-old gun-toting granny Ava Estelle of Melbourne, Australia, who purportedly took revenge on two men who raped her granddaughter by shooting their testicles off. Did the Rambo Granny of Melbourne Take Aim and Shoot? Its a marvelous story without a shred of truth. The tale of gun-toting granny Ava Estelle of Melbourne, Australia began circulating via email in 2000 a couple of years after it was first published in the Weekly World News, an American tabloid newspaper famous for its entertaining though factually-challenged content. An early Usenet posting of the story dated Feb. 7, 2000, contained a link (now defunct) to a reprint of the original text on the WWN website. The original title of the piece, which Aussie readers were quick to recognize as fake because its heavily laden with American slang, was Granbo. The Ava Estelle story is still being passed around as factual, though long since debunked as an Internet urban legend. A latter-day variant sports the tagline, Deport her to America — we need her! Sample Rambo Granny Email Heres email text contributed by L. Palmer on Feb. 9, 2000: MELBOURNE, Australia -- Gun-toting granny Ava Estelle, 81, was so ticked-off when two thugs raped her 18-year-old granddaughter that she tracked the unsuspecting ex-cons down -- and shot their testicles off!The old lady spent a week hunting those bums down and when she found them, she took revenge on them in her own special way, said admiring Melbourne police investigator Evan Delp.Then she took a taxi to the nearest police station, laid the gun on the sergeants desk and told him as calm as could be: Those bastards will never rape anybody again, by God.Cops say convicted rapist and robber Davis Furth, 33, lost both his penis and his testicles when outraged Ava opened fire with a 9mm pistol in the seedy hotel room where he and former prison cellmate Stanley Thomas, 29, were holed up.The wrinkled avenger also blew Thomas testicles to kingdom come, but doctors managed to save his mangled penis, police said.The one guy, Thomas, didnt lose his manhood, but the doctor I talked to said he w ont be using it the way he used to, Detective Delp told reporters. Both men are still in pretty bad shape, but I think theyre just happy to be alive after what theyve been through.The Rambo Granny swung into action August 21 after her granddaughter Debbie was carjacked and raped by two knife-wielding creeps in a section of town bordering on skid row.When I saw the look on my Debbies face that night in the hospital, I decided I was going to go out and get those bastards myself cause I figured the police would go easy on them, recalled the retired library worker. And I wasnt scared of them, either because Ive got me a gun and Ive been shootin it all my life.Using a police artists sketch of the suspects and Debbies description of the sickos car, tough-as-nails Ava spent seven days prowling the wino-infested neighborhood where the crime took place till she spotted the ill-fated rapists entering their flophouse hotel. I knew it was them the minute I saw em, but I shot a picture of em any way and took it back to Debbie and she said sure as hell, it was them, the ornery oldster recalled.So I went back to that hotel and found their room and knocked on the door -- and the minute the big one, Furth, opened the door, I shot em got right square between the legs, right where it would really hurt em most, you know. Then I went down to the police station and turned myself in.Now, baffled lawmen are tying to figure out how to deal with the vigilante granny. What she did was wrong, but you cant really throw an 81-year-old woman in prison Det. Delp said, especially when all 3 million people in the city want to nominate her for sainthood. Sources: Granbo - Gun-Toting Granny Shoots Two Rapists Testicles OffWeekly World News, 20 October 1998

African- American Civil Rights Movement of 1955-1968 Essay

Introduction The series of African – American Civil Rights movements, which stretched from 1955 to 1968, aimed at restoring the rights of the African – American people and liberating them from the social and racial discrimination. This movement changed the social and political structure of the United States. The main catch was that the movement accomplished successful results following the ‘nonviolent resistance’, establishing the fact that the Christian religion believed in peace and equality. Birth of the Civil Rights Movements: United States, since its foundation has endured racial inequality. The government and other major institutions were administrated by the ‘whites’ and the ‘black’ Americans lacked behind in every aspect of†¦show more content†¦By 1955, the policy of ‘Massive Resistance’ was employed which followed the pattern of non-violent resistance in the form of boycotts and sit-ins .Some of the successful movements include: Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955 – 1956) in Alabama, Greensboro sit-in (1960) in North Carolina and Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in Alabama. The prominent leaders of the Movement include Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Joseph Lowry, Fred Shuttlesworth, Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and W.E.B Du Bois. Major issues: Voter Registration Categorization One of the major focuses of the entire movement was to reinstate the political voting rights of the African American people and include their representations in the government organizations. The alteration of the Mississippi law in 1890 included some provisions such as poll taxes, literacy tests and residency requirements which made registration for the black people close to impossible; as majority were not stable, financially as well as educationally. Some prominent local Black leaders tried to convince SNCC to promote the registration of the Black voters and help set up organizations that shared political power within the state, contrary to the conventional culture of White domination. The successful action was taken in 1961, when SNCC organizer Robert Moses took initiatives to establish a project, fulfilling the demanded terms in McComb and some otherShow MoreRelatedEssay about Lasting African Conributions to American Society890 Words   |  4 Pagesusing African slave labor. Africa slaves were not allowed to be educated. All most every African slave could not read or write because it was against the law to educate slaves for over 200 years. 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The Adidas AG and Virgin Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse and evaluate the Adidas AG and Virgin Australia Holdings Ltd and its Marketing. Answer: Comparison between theories and practice Salam et al. (2015) stated that the theory of marketing ix is developed in order to help marketers regarding targeting potential customers and attain maximum profitability. However, if utilized in other way, this theory can also provide opportunity to assess whether or not an organization is proceeding in an accurate direction. The theory of marketing mix highlights that a company should formulate right products that works well and sold at right place (Erragcha and Romdhane 2014). It is also illustrated in the theory that these products not only presented in a correct place but the most suitable promotional strategies should also be used so that more people get aware of their products. Adidas Product The marketing strategy illustrates that the product has to have the right features with great appearance (Salam et al. 2015). Adidas is famous for their sportswear and they fulfill the marketing strategy of product by incorporating fashion in sportswear. They major product lines are footwear, clothings and accessories (Erragcha and Romdhane 2014). It can be said that they have integrated extra features in their products ranges and thus adapts a depth in this aspects. In the shoes, Adidas have incorporated technology for reducing the impacts during running, spares joints from stress and protection of heals in their product range Adiprene (Adidascenter.com 2017). They have also incorporated lightweight arch support in their range of Torsion System. Image 1: Adidas product portfolio (Source: Adidascenter.com 2017) Though their major focus is only the sportspeople but they have developed their products for other common people who desire to experience their services. They also target children from their Adifit shoes ranges, which is a removable shoethat provides better size fitting of childrens shoes (Ind et al. 2015). The technology is also used for increase the durability of their shoe and Blown Rubber and UtraFoam is used to formulate shoes. This makes them to attain the position of Top priority in 2007 and a brand of choice for runners on all level (Adidascenter.com 2017). Compared to the marketing theory their practice matches as they constantly upgrades and innovate the features of the shoes in order to attain more customer satisfaction. Price According to the marketing mix theory, the price of the product must be right so that company can obtain large customer base to produce a healthy profit. Salam et al. (2015) thus depicts that the more is the customer base, the more will be the profit of the organization. However, Adidas do not usually intend to attract people with lower income group. They adapts skimming pricing strategy where the cost of the new products is much higher but it can be said that they can utilize the strategy of competitive pricing strategy in order to attract more people. Thus, it can be said that Adidas use the competitive pricing strategy for run on the mill products to compete with other companies like Nike, Reebok and Puma. Virgin Australia Holdings Ltd Price In this aspect also it can be said that Virgin Australia has followed the marketing mix strategy effectively. They have developed different fare type like- Business Lite, business, Saver, Saver Lite, Flexi, Premium and Premium Lite (Virginaustralia 2017). All these price options allow them to offer service to each group of the community. Thus, the theory of actual price marketing mix is put into forward into practice by Virgin Australian Holdings Limited. On comparing the prices of the flight services, it is found that: Airways Flight services along with their Prices Virgin Australia Saver Lite Saver Flexi Business Business Saver $109.00 $125.00 $269.00 $598.00 $519.00 Qantas Red e-Deal Fully Flexible Flexi Saver Business $163.00 $536.00 $269.00 $669.00 Jet Star Red e-Deal Fully Flexible $120.00 $324.00 Tiger Airways Standard $64.95 Table 1: Flight services along with their Prices (Source: Created by the Author) Thus, it can be said that Virgin Australia has followed the competitive pricing strategy that allows them to attain more competitive advantage. In this aspect also, it is found that the theory of pricing strategy is fulfilled through the practice of Virgin Australia. Products As a part of the products innovation, Virgin Australia has a single core product on which they have to focus. However, they have bring innovation in their existing services like incorporation of new buses, improves lounging areas, free Wi-Fi onboard and collaborates with other leading companies through which customers can get aware of their brands (Virginaustralia 2017). Virgin Australia introduced Samsung Galaxy Tablets on International flights. Moreover, the facilities in the products have been improved by incorporating online services. Facility like booking, cancellation of booking, in-flight entertainment, priority check-in, priority boarding and lounge entry are some of the new facility that is incorporated in the flight services of Virgin Australia. Moreover, additional facilities like food- and- beverages and extra legroom are also formulated in order to attract more customers. Thus, as per as the marketing strategy, it can be said that Virgin Australia satisfy the theory thro ugh their practice. Reference List Adidascenter.com., 2017.Technologies - Adidas Center - www.adidascenter.com. [online] Available at: https://adidascenter.com/cms.php?id_cms=7id_lang=1 [Accessed 13 Jun. 2017]. Erragcha, N. and Romdhane, R., 2014. New faces of marketing in the era of the web: from marketing 1.0 to marketing 3.0.Journal of Research in Marketing,2(2), pp.137-142. Ind, N., Iglesias, O. and Schultz, M., 2015. How Adidas Found Its Second Wind.Strategy+ Business, (80). Salam, A., Inam, S.G. and Awan, W.A., 2015. The Impact of Marketing Mix (5 Ps) Elements on Sales of UPS: A Case of Karachi Market-Buyer's Perspective.Journal of Business Strategies,9(1), p.51. Virginaustralia., 2017.Virgin Australia| Home Page. [online] Available at: https://www.virginaustralia.com/ [Accessed 13 Jun. 2017].